History:
This translation from Urdu of a passage of Gulām Sarvar Lāhaurī's (alias Bute Shah) Tarīḵẖ-i maḵẖzan-i Panjāb (History of the Punjab), written in the mid-19th century, is given in the Gazetteer for the Ludhiana District 1888-89: It was originally known as Lodi-Ana (The Lodi's Place) during the Lodi Dynasty under which the city was created. "In the reign of Sikandar, son of Bahlol Lodi, the people about Ludhiana were oppressed by the plundering Baluchis, and applied to the Emperor for assistance. Sikandar, in answer to their prayer, sent two of his Lodi chiefs, by name Yusaf Khan and Nihang Khan, with an army. These chiefs fixed on the present site of the Ludhiana city, which was then a village called Mir Hota. Nihang Khan remained at Mir Hota as the Emperor's Lieutenant; and called the place Ludhiana. He was succeeded by his son a grandson. The latter, Jalal Khan, built the fort of Ludhiana out of the bricks found at Sunet.He saved the town from invaders and treated all its citizen equally. His two sons partitioned the country round about Ludhiana, which was then lying in waste, amongst the people of the town, and distributed them in villages. In the time of Jalal Khan's grandsons, Alu Khan and Khizr Khan, the Lodi dynasty was overthrown by Babar; and the Lodis of Ludhiana sunk to the position of ordinary subjects of the Mughal empire. They are said to have lived close to the fort for many generations, but all traces of them have now disappeared, and even the tombs of Nihang and his immediate descendants have been lost sight of, although they are said to have been standing some years ago."
The Lodi dynasty lost control of the throne of Delhi in 1526. The Mughals established a strong government at Sirhind, which itself was a sarkar (division) of the Delhi subah (province), and attached Ludhiana as a mahal or parganah.

Geography:
Ludhiana is located at 30°54′N 75°51′E / 30.9°N 75.85°E. It has an average elevation of 244 metres (798 ft). Ludhiana City, to its residents, consists of the Old City and the New City (or the residential and official quarters of the Colonial British encampment, traditionally known as Civil Lines; this is as opposed to the Army Lines, which are no longer extant as the British Cantonment was abandoned in 1845).
The land dips steeply to the North and the West, where prior to 1785 the river Sutlej used to run: this whole area is now mostly unplanned residential communities, with many polluting industries set up in houses due to lack of enforcement of zoning laws.
The Old Fort was situated at the banks of the Sutlej (and now houses The College of Textile Engineering) and legend has it that an underground tunnel connects it to the Fort in Phillaur - although why this should be is debatable, as the Sutlej was the traditional dividing line between the two principalities, often occupied by enemy forces
The ground is of yellow sandstone and granite, forming small hillocks, plateaus and dips.

Weather:
The weather of Ludhiana is extreme, which is very hot during the summer season and very cold in the winter. The summer season is from Mid April to Mid July, the days are extremely hot during this period. During summer season June is the hottest month when the mercury rises to 45-46°C. The winter season expands from mid November to early March and the temperature varies from 18 °C to about 5°C. January is the coldest month of winter season with average minimum temperature of 5.8°C.
The weather of Ludhiana is pleasant during the months to October, November, December, January and February. Ludhina has a semi arid weather. Monsoon affects Ludhiana in the month of early July and extends till September. The southwest monsoon winds influences the weather of Ludhiana in the summer , while during the winter west and northwest winds affect the weather.
The total rainfall in a year is 600-700 cm. If we distribute this total rainfall throughout the year then 70% is received during July to September, 16% of the rainfall during the months of December to March and 14% can be distributed for the remaining months. During the monsoon season, the relative humidity is higher than the rest of the year. Summer is the driest season of the year.
The weather of Ludhiana is usually dry. Scorching hot dusty winds blow during summer season.